Abstract

L’autore esamina le modifiche introdotte, in materia di specializzazioni forensi con il D.M. n. 163 del 2020 al regolamento approvato cinque anni prima con D.M. n. 144 del 2015, diverse disposizioni del quale erano state oggetto di annullamento con sentenza del TAR Lazio del 2016 in buona parte confermata dal Consiglio di Stato con sentenza n. 5575 del 2017. Il D.M. n. 163 prevede n. 13 settori nei quali si può conseguire specializzazione. Relativamente ai settori del diritto civile, diritto penale e diritto amministrativo si prevedono nel rispettivo ambito, 11, 7 e 8 indirizzi. La specializzazione si può conseguire attraverso la “comprovata esperienza” ovvero attraverso i “percorsi formativi”.

Considerations on the reform of the discipline of the specializations of Lawyers

The author examines the changes introduced, in the field of forensic specializations with the D.M. (Ministerial Decree) n. 163/2020 to the regulation approved five years earlier with D.M. n. 144 of 2015, which was partly annulled by the Lazio Regional Administrative Court in a ruling largely confirmed by the Council of State (C.S. 5575/2017). The D.M. 163/2020 contemplate 13 sectors in which specialization can be achieved. With regard to the sectors of civil law, criminal law and administrative law, 11, 7 and 8 addresses are envisaged. Specialization can be achieved through “proven

L'articolo Considerazioni sulla disciplina delle specializzazioni forensi alla luce del D.M. 1 ottobre 2020, n. 163 proviene da Nuove Autonomie.

INDICE
DOTTRINA

Antonella Sciortino – Il ruolo della BCE nel complesso equilibrio tra tecnica e politica – 699
Silvia Tuccillo – Potere di riesame, amministrazione semplificata e “paura di amministrare” – 725
Stefano Villamena – La revoca del presidente del consiglio comunale: contributo alla individuazione della fattispecie – 751
Jacopo Vavalli – Concetti giuridici indeterminati, discrezionalità dell’amministrazione e sindacato giurisdizionale nell’esclusione dalle gare di appalto per gravi illeciti professionali – 777
Salvatore Raimondi – Considerazioni sulla disciplina delle specializzazioni forensi alla luce del D.M. 1 ottobre 2020, n. 163 – 807
Nicola Gullo – Notazioni sul regionalismo differenziato tra aspirazioni autonomistiche e solidarietà economico-sociale – 817
Valentina Prudente – L’utile attuazione dell’art. 116, co. 3, Cost. alla luce del principio di sussidiarietà – 837
Patrizia Accordino – Le “asimmetrie fiscali” tra Regioni italiane: stato dell’arte, criticità e prospettive – 853
Luca Dell’Atti – Effetti dell’autonomia differenziata sulla combinazione funzionale dei princìpi di sussidiarietà e leale collaborazione. Verso una riforma del regionalismo a Costituzione invariata? – 867
Andrea Napolitano – Il ruolo (imprescindibile) delle Camere per una corretta ed equa attuazione del regionalismo differenziato – 881
Claudia Bianca Ceffa – “Non basta dire intesa”. Ragionando sul principio di leale collaborazione fra Stato e Regioni nella prospettiva del regionalismo differenziato – 895
Giuseppe Carlo Ricciardi – Note sulla dimensione amministrativa del regionalismo differenziato – 919
Matteo Pressi – Autonomia regionale differenziata: un’occasione per ripensare l’area vasta – 907
Gaetano Armao – Note minime sulla disciplina della Regione siciliana sul procedimento amministrativo – 931

Abstract

Il ruolo della BCE nel complesso equilibrio tra tecnica e politica

di Antonella Sciortino

Il saggio affronta il tema del ruolo assunto dalla BCE nello svolgimento della politica monetaria che ha evidenziato non poche criticità sul piano della tensione tra tecnica e politica. Dopo aver ripercorso sinteticamente la nascita dell’Unione monetaria sin dall’idea del rapporto Verner del 1970 di creare una moneta unica e di conseguenza una Unione monetaria poi messa da canto per poi essere ripresa dall’allora Presidente della Commissione J. Delors che nel suo Rapporto (1989) tracciò le fasi in cui si sarebbe dovuta realizzare l’unione monetaria, il lavoro si focalizza sul ruolo assai complesso della BCE. L’indipendenza della BCE (art. 130 TFUE) viene analizzata all’interno del principio dell’indipendenza delle banche centrali nazionali e della compatibilità con il principio democratico che può trovare un primo componimento nella separazione tra autonomia nella individuazione dei fini e autonomia nella scelta dei mezzi con cui perseguirli. In questo senso almeno formalmente la BCE supera il test di compatibilità in quanto l’obiettivo del suo mandato viene individuato dalla fonte primaria sovranazionale nel mantenimento della stabilità dei prezzi escludendo a contrario altri obiettivi quali il sostegno all’occupazione o misure volte al superamento delle asimmetrie economiche tra gli Stati dell’Eurozona. Infine la parte centrale dello scritto si occupa dell’enlargement  of  functions della BCE, quale “custode della costituzione economica europea” che per fronteggiare la crisi finanziaria iniziata nel 2008 ha posto in essere e, in alcuni casi solo annunciato, operazioni non convenzionali (OMT, Q.E. solo per esemplificare) che hanno forzato l’equilibrio tra tecnica e politica e hanno riproposto con forza il problema della legittimazione democratica di un organo indipendente dal potere esecutivo e dal potere legislativo. Da qui un “dialogo fra giurisdizioni”(Tribunale costituzionale tedesco e Corte di giustizia dell’UE) segnato da importanti decisioni che hanno, fra le altre cose, evidenziato quanto sia difficile tracciare con il bisturi la linea di demarcazione tra politica monetaria (rimessa all’UE) e politica economica (rimessa agli Stati membri), ma anche quanto sia complesso affrontare il problema dei confini del sindacato giurisdizionale della CGUE di fronte ad atti caratterizzati da un alto tasso di tecnicismo. I temi che sono venuti in rilievo sono di grande spessore teorico e tutt’ora al centro di un intenso dibattito per cui possono solo essere avanzate delle ipotesi di studio come il possibile utilizzo della categoria della c.d. discrezionalità tecnica per cercare di affrontare il problema relativo al sindacato della CGUE dinanzi a materie squisitamente tecniche o mettere a punto strumenti di trasparenza e accountability della politica monetaria della BCE per cercare di arginare la mancanza di legittimazione democratica fermo restando il principio della sua indipendenza ed autonomia. Infine qualche accenno alle misure adottate durante l’emergenza pandemica.

The role of the ECB in the complex balance between technology and politics

by Antonella Sciortino

The essay deals with the issue of the role assumed by the ECB in carrying out monetary policy which has highlighted many critical issues in terms of the tension between technology and politics. After briefly tracing the birth of the Monetary Union, beginning from the idea of the Verner report of 1970 to create a single currency and, eventually, a Monetary Union which was put aside and then afterwards resumed by the then President of the Commission J. Delors, who in his Report (1989) wrote about the phases in which monetary union should have been achieved, the work focuses on the very complex role of the ECB. The independence of the ECB (Article 130 TFEU) is analyzed within the principle of the independence of national central banks and compatibility with the democratic principle which can find a first composition in the separation between autonomy in identifying purposes and autonomy in choice of the means by which to pursue them. In this sense, at least formally, the ECB passes the compatibility test as the objective of its mandate is identified by the primary supranational source in maintaining price stability while excluding other objectives such as employment support or measures aimed at overcoming asymmetries between the eurozone states. Finally, the central part of the report deals with the “ enlargement of functions “of the ECB, as “ guardian of the European economic constitution “which in order to face the financial crisis that began in 2008 has put in place and, in some cases only announced , unconventional operations (OMT, QE just to exemplify) that have forced the balance between technology and politics and have forcefully re-proposed the problem of the democratic legitimacy of a body independent of the executive and legislative powers. Hence a “ dialogue between jurisdictions “(German Constitutional Tribunal and EU Court of Justice) marked by important decisions that have, among other things, highlighted how difficult it is to draw the dividing line between monetary policy with a scalpel ( remittance to the EU) and economic policy (remittance to the Member States), but also how complex it is to tackle the problem of the boundaries of the judicial review of the CJEU in the face of acts characterized by a high rate of technicality. The issues that have come to the fore are of great theoretical depth and still at the center of an intense debate for which study hypotheses such as the possible use of the category of the so-called technical discretion to try to tackle the problem related to the CJEU’s trade union in purely technical matters or to develop instruments of transparency and accountability of the ECB’s monetary policy to try to stem the lack of democratic legitimacy without prejudice to the principle of its independence and autonomy . Finally, some hints to the measures taken during the pandemic emergency.

Potere di riesame, amministrazione semplificata e “paura di amministrare”

di Silvia Tuccillo

Le recenti riforme della p.a., varate per rispondere alla crisi economica determinata dall’emergenza pandemica, si sono innestate su un tessuto normativo già ricco di criticità. La spinta ormai continua sugli istituti di semplificazione, l’investimento sulla responsabilità come deterrente per le inefficienze dei funzionari pubblici e la crescente sfiducia nell’amministrazione stanno generando esternalità negative che soltanto un ripensamento di alcune linee interpretative ormai consolidate potrà riuscire a contenere. Lo scritto si propone, in particolare, di analizzare le potenzialità del potere di riesame come strumento per bilanciare, insieme ad altri istituti di recente conio, la riduzione di garanzie determinata da un investimento poco cauto sul silenzio assenso come rimedio avverso l’inerzia patologica della p.a.

Administrative review, simplification and “fear of making decision”

by Silvia Tuccillo

Recent administrative reforms, launched in response to the economic crisis determined by the pandemic, have grafted to a regulatory structure that is already full of critical issues. Simplification policies, enhancement of responsibility as a deterrent to public servant’s inefficiencies and growing mistrust in administration are generating negative externalities that need a radical rethink of some well-established interpretative legal lines. This paper aims to analyze the potential of self-defense power as a tool to balance, in combination with some recent legal institutions, the reduction of guarantees caused by a misguided use of silent assent as a remedy against the pathological inertia of public administration.

La revoca del presidente del consiglio comunale: contributo alla individuazione della fattispecie

di Stefano Villamena

 Il Testo unico degli enti locali del 2000 non si interessa direttamente del tema della revoca del Presidente del Consiglio comunale. Il presente contributo cerca pertanto di tracciare le linee fondamentali riguardo non solo all’organo cui dovrebbe essere attribuito il relativo potere, bensì ai presupposti su cui esso si fonda nonché ai limiti al suo esercizio. Nella parte finale del contributo si è poi cercato di ricostruire la natura del potere in esame, fondato sul venir meno del «rapporto di fiducia» con riferimento specifico ad inadempimenti istituzionali. Il potere di revoca è però pur sempre legato a scelte della maggioranza consiliare, da ciò è derivata un’esigenza di tutela in termini di riequilibrio a favore delle minoranze consiliari tramite l’ipotesi dell’abuso d’ufficio.

Revocation of the President of the City Council: evaluation of its features and legal boundaries

by Stefano Villamena

 The Legislative Decree no. 267/2000 about local authorities does not directly mention the President of the Municipal Council’s revocation in particular. This work aims to trace the fundamental requirements for revocation’s power, its limits, and to identify which body of the public administration is legitimate to exercise this power. Besides, this work also evaluates the nature of the revocation power, based on the loss of “institutional trust” concerning omissions or defaults upon administrative duties. The power under analysis is linked to the choices of the council majority from which derives the need for safeguards in favor of the council minorities, rebalancing their power through the hypothesis of abuse of office.

Concetti giuridici indeterminati, discrezionalità dell’amministrazione e sindacato giurisdizionale nell’esclusione dalle gare di appalto per gravi illeciti professionali

di Jacopo Vavalli

 La norma sui gravi illeciti professionali determina l’esclusione degli operatori economici dalle gare di appalto, con potenziali effetti anche per il futuro, utilizzando concetti indeterminati dal punto di vista semantico. Lo stato dell’arte in ambito giurisprudenziale è che la decisione escludente dell’amministrazione ai sensi dell’art. 80, comma 5, del Codice dei contratti pubblici sia la conseguenza dell’esercizio di un potere discrezionale, amministrativo o comunque tecnico, sindacabile solamente in caso di irragionevolezza o illogicità manifeste. Il presente lavoro, nell’analizzare la suddetta norma, mira a svolgere una indagine sistematica volta ad individuare i criteri, il più possibile oggettivi che possano garantirne una applicazione prevedibile. Lo studio perviene alla conclusione che nella relazione dialettica tra decisione amministrativa e sindacato del giudice amministrativo non vi è ragione di limitare tale sindacato ai profili di manifesta illogicità e irragionevolezza della decisione, come sembra orientata a fare la giurisprudenza. Un simile orientamento non solo non è giustificato sulla base del contenuto della norma, ma rischia di non garantire il perseguimento di quegli obiettivi di razionalità coerenza e certezza che sono immanenti al sistema giuridico.

Indefinite legal concepts, discretion of the administration and judicial review in the exclusion from calls for tenders due to serious professional offenses

by Jacopo Vavalli

The rule on grave professional misconducts, present in the art. 80, paragraph 5, of the Public Contracts Code, determines the exclusion of economic operators from tenders, with potential effects also for the future partecipation to the public tenders. The said rule is based on indeterminate concepts. The state of the art in the jurisprudence is that the exclusionary decision of the administration is the consequence of the exercise of a discretion power, administrative or technical, which can be reviewed by the administrative Court only in the event of manifest unreasonableness or illogicality. The study carries out a systematic investigation aimed to identifying the criteria, as objective as possible, that can guarantee a predictable application of the art. 80, paragraph 5, of the Public Contracts Code. The study comes to the conclusion that in the dialectical relationship between the administrative decision and the review of the administrative judge there is no reason to limit such a review to the profiles of manifest unreasonableness of the decision, as admini-806 Jacopo Vavalli strative jurisprudence seems oriented to do. Such an orientation is not justified on the basis of the content of the rule and is not able to guarantee the pursuit of the objectives of rationality, coherence and certainty which are immanent in the legal system.

Considerazioni sulla disciplina delle specializzazioni forensi alla luce del D.M. 1 ottobre 2020, n. 163

di Salvatore Raimondi

L’autore esamina le modifiche introdotte, in materia di specializzazioni forensi con il D.M. n. 163 del 2020 al regolamento approvato cinque anni prima con D.M. n. 144 del 2015, diverse disposizioni del quale erano state oggetto di annullamento con sentenza del TAR Lazio del 2016 in buona parte confermata dal Consiglio di Stato con sentenza n. 5575 del 2017. Il D.M. n. 163 prevede n. 13 settori nei quali si può conseguire specializzazione. Relativamente ai settori del diritto civile, diritto penale e diritto amministrativo si prevedono nel rispettivo ambito, 11, 7 e 8 indirizzi. La specializzazione si può conseguire attraverso la “comprovata esperienza” ovvero attraverso i “percorsi formativi”.

Considerations on the reform of the discipline of the specializations of Lawyers

by Salvatore Raimondi

The author examines the changes introduced, in the field of forensic specializations with the D.M. (Ministerial Decree) n. 163/2020 to the regulation approved five years earlier with D.M. n. 144 of 2015, which was partly annulled by the Lazio Regional Administrative Court in a ruling largely confirmed by the Council of State (C.S. 5575/2017). The D.M. 163/2020 contemplate 13 sectors in which specialization can be achieved. With regard to the sectors of civil law, criminal law and administrative law, 11, 7 and 8 addresses are envisaged. Specialization can be achieved through “proven experience” or through “training paths”.

Notazioni sul regionalismo differenziato tra aspirazioni autonomistiche e solidarietà economico-sociale

di Nicola Gullo

Il regionalismo differenziato delineato dall’art. 116, co. 3, Cost. prevede la possibilità di una profonda revisione del sistema regionale attraverso un procedimento legislativo rinforzato, che richiede la stipula di una previa intesa tra lo Stato e la Regione interessata. Il contributo esamina i diversi problemi interpretativi che riguardano l’applicazione di questa norma costituzionale, alla luce delle iniziative avviate da alcuni Regioni a statuto ordinario. Dall’analisi delle diverse questioni giuridiche, politiche e finanziarie che sono collegate alla realizzazione del modello del regionalismo differenziato, si evince la necessità di superare un approccio settoriale, basato su autonomi e separati accordi con le singole Regioni, per incardinare le proposte regionali nel contesto di una riforma generale dell’ordinamento, in modo da preservare l’unità della Repubblica e salvaguardare la solidarietà territoriale.

Remarks on differentiated regionalism between autonomous aspirations and economic and social solidarity

by Nicola Gullo

 The concept of differentiated regionalism, introduced in art. 116, paragraph 3, of the Constitution, allows for the possibility of a wide review of the regional system through a reinforced legislative process, following the prior stipulation of an agreement between the State and the concerned Region. This article examines the various problems of interpretation relating to the application of this constitutional rule, taking into account the initiatives of some Regions with ordinary statute. Moving from the analysis of different legal, political and financial issues of the differentiated regionalism, the article affirms the necessity of letting go of the sectoral approach, based on autonomous and separate agreements with individual Regions, in favor of adopting a general reform of the legal system which incorporates regional proposals, so as to preserve the unity of the Republic and safeguard territorial solidarity.

L’utile attuazione dell’art. 116, co. 3, Cost. alla luce del principio di sussidiarietà

di Valentina Prudente

L’articolo, prendendo spunto dalla vicenda relativa alla attuazione del regionalismo differenziato previsto dal terzo comma dell’art. 116 della Costituzione, propone una lettura dei nessi esistenti tra differenziazione regionale e sussidiarietà verticale. Tali nessi si apprezzano sia laddove la differenziazione regionale riguardi una particolare e diversa distribuzione di competenze legislative tra enti; sia laddove comporti l’allocazione di funzioni e compiti amministrativi in considerazione delle diverse caratteristiche degli enti riceventi. In questa prospettiva la differenziazione regionale si caratterizza in funzione attuativa della sussidiarietà e si pone in relazione con l’intero quadro costituzionale dei principi fondamentali che connotano il sistema delle autonomie territoriali.

Useful implementation of Art. 116.3 of the Constitution through the principle of subsidiarity.

by Valentina Prudente

The article, getting ideas from the matter relating to the implementation of differentiated regionalism provided by the third paragraph of Art. 116 of the Constitution, proposes a reading of links between regional differentiation and vertical subsidiarity. These links are valued both if regional differentiation concerns a particular and different distribution of legislative powers among entities; and whether if it involves allocation of administrative functions related to different characteristics of receiving entities. In this perspective, regional differentiation is characterized by implementation of subsidiarity and is related to the entire constitutional framework of fundamental principles that typify our system of territorial autonomies.

Le “asimmetrie fiscali” tra Regioni italiane: stato dell’arte, criticità e prospettive

di Patrizia Accordino

L’articolo approfondisce il “regionalismo differenziato” in ambito tributario evidenziando le difficoltà applicative derivanti dalla clausola di invarianza finanziaria contenuta nelle pre-intese già concluse, che preclude nuovi o maggiori oneri a carico della finanza pubblica. Il finanziamento di questi spazi di autonomia differenziata dovrebbe infatti, essere sostenuto dalle entrate delle Regioni che li richiederanno. Nondimeno, da una prima analisi dei preaccordi già formulati, sembra che le Regioni proponenti intendano tenere ferme le risorse all’interno del territorio delle stesse e condizionarle a favore di chi in essa risiede, prefigurando, pertanto, il concreto rischio di intaccare i diritti sociali fondamentali, a causa della ricaduta sulla distribuzione delle risorse complessive tra Regioni. Le regole di contribuzione al sostenimento della spesa pubblica vigenti sono, tuttavia, ancora basate sul “binomio” di valori costituzionali riconducibili al generale dovere di solidarietà economica e al principio di capacità contributiva. È, dunque, chiara l’esigenza di preordinare la concreta operatività del regionalismo differenziato – per preservare la neutralità e il mantenimento della coesione sociale – alla attuazione dei predetti principi. È anche essenziale promuovere alcuni spazi di autonomia tributaria che assicurerebbero alle Regioni italiane la concreta possibilità di finanziare le nuove condizioni senza alterare l’equilibrio complessivo.

“Tax asymmetries” among Italian Regions: state of the art, critical issues, and perspectives

by Patrizia Accordino

 The article investigates the “asymmetrical regionalism” in the field of taxation, highlighting the difficulties in its application deriving from the financial invariance clause contained in the pre-agreements already concluded, which precludes new or greater burdens on public finance. Financing these spaces of asymmetrical autonomy should, indeed, be supported by the revenues of the Regions requesting them. Nonetheless, an initial analysis of the pre-agreements already signed shows that the proposing Regions intend to keep resources within their territories conditioning them in favour  of those who live there also envisaging the real risk of affecting fundamental social rights, due to the impact on the distribution of overall resources among all the Regions. However, the rules of contribution to public expenditure in force are still based on the “combination” of constitutional values tracing back to the general duty of economic solidarity and the principle of ability to pay. It is, therefore, clear that the real application of asymmetrical regionalism – to preserve neutrality and maintain social cohesion – should be subordinated to the implementation of the aforementioned principles. Furthermore, promoting certain spaces of tax autonomy, eventually ensuring Italian Regions an effective possibility of financing the new conditions, without affecting the overall equilibrium, is essential.

Effetti dell’autonomia differenziata sulla combinazione funzionale dei princìpi di sussidiarietà e leale collaborazione. Verso una riforma del regionalismo a Costituzione invariata?

di Luca Dell’Atti

 Sussidiarietà e leale collaborazione sono due principi nati nella prassi, poi dotati di fondamento costituzionale, il cui studio rappresenta un ottimale punto di osservazione per descrivere le evoluzioni oscillanti del regionalismo italiano. Il combinato operare dei due principi, infatti, poiché consente la gestione flessibile dei rapporti Stato-Regioni, ne facilita uno svolgersi cooperativo e non conflittuale assicurando il simultaneo rispetto dei principi di unità e autonomia di cui all’art. 5 Cost. Questo contributo analizza il possibile impatto dell’attivazione della clausola di maggiore autonomia (art. 116, c. 3 Cost.) sull’assetto delle relazioni inter-governative delineando due scenari a seconda che l’autonomia differenziata venga infine realizzata a) per le tre Regioni settentrionali già ad uno stadio avanzato del relativo iter (Lombardia, Veneto ed Emilia Romagna), o b) per un ampio numero di Regioni – quasi tutte le Regioni hanno già avviato iniziative in tal senso. Dallo scenario sub a) deriverebbe la recessione dei moduli di cooperazione multi-laterale in ragione della necessità di gestire in via bi-laterale ed informale i rapporti centro-periferia; in quello sub b), le logiche della competizione, ancorché declinate su una dimensione più ampia, potrebbero creare una frattura nel fronte regionale unitario. In entrambi i casi, dunque, l’attivazione della clausola di maggiore autonomia potrebbe rappresentare un ostacolo all’evoluzione in senso collaborativo delle relazioni multi-livello.

The Effects of “Further Autonomy” on the Principles of Subsidiarity and Loyal Cooperation. Again a Non-formal Constitutional Reform of the Regionalism?

by Luca Dell’Atti

The principles of subsidiarity and loyal cooperation were born in praxis and then endowed with a constitutional foundation. Their study is an optimal observation point for describing the evolution of Italian regionalism. In fact the two principles –since they enable the State-Regions relations to be managed in a flexible manner– facilitate a cooperative development by ensuring the simultaneous respect of the principles of unity and autonomy as set out in Article 5 of the Constitution. We analyze the possible impact of the “further autonomy clause” (Art. 116, par. 3 of the Constitution) on the structure of inter-governmental relations (IGR), outlining two scenarios depending on whether the clause is finally implemented a) for the three northern Regions that are already at an advanced stage of the process (Lombardia, Veneto and Emilia Romagna), or b) for a large number of Regions –almost all of which have already started  initiatives in this direction. Scenario a) would result in the recession of multi-lateral cooperation models due to the need to manage IGR bi-laterally and informally; in scenario b), the logic of competition, even declined on a broader scale, could break up the unitary regional front. In both cases, therefore, the activation of the clause could hinder the co-operative evolution of multi-level relations.

Il ruolo (imprescindibile) delle Camere per una corretta ed equa attuazione del regionalismo differenziato

di Andrea Napolitano

 Il percorso del regionalismo differenziato che si è sviluppato negli ultimi mesi in Italia ha avuto, come è noto, quali protagonisti istituzionali le singole Regioni da un lato e, dall’altro, il Governo, circostanza che ha, di fatto, relegato il Parlamento ad un ruolo secondario. Proprio il ruolo che si intende attribuire a quest’ultimo ha rappresentato uno degli aspetti maggiormente discussi in dottrina. Il presente lavoro, muovendo dalla marginalizzazione delle Camere riscontrata nel percorso di differenziazione iniziato da Veneto, Lombardia ed Emilia, intende indagare la necessità di attribuire al Parlamento un ruolo centrale nel procedimento di approvazione della c.d. legge ad autonomia negoziata al fine di garantire la salvaguardia dell’unità nazionale ed effettuare una approfondita analisi dei possibili impatti sui livelli essenziali delle prestazioni concernenti i diritti civili e sociali che devono essere assicurati su tutto il territorio nazionale. Allo stesso modo si cercherà di evidenziare l’opportunità di una legge “attuativa” della disposizione costituzionale, con la quale fissare, in maniera puntuale, principi e criteri da far rispettare alle Regioni che intendono iniziare il percorso per la differenziazione ma anche, e soprattutto, disciplinare un’ipotetica fase di monitoraggio e, in casi eccezionali, di riallocazione, a livello statale, di funzioni e risorse devolute in precedenza.

The (essential) role of the Parliament for a correct and equitable implementation of differentiated regionalism

by Andrea Napolitano

The path of differentiated regionalism that has developed in the recent months in Italy has had, as is well known, as institutional bodies, the individual Regions on the one hand and the Government on the other, a circumstance that has, in fact, relegated the Parliament to a secondary role. Indeed, the role that is intended to be attributed to the latter has represented one of the most discussed aspects in the doctrine. This work, starting from the marginalization of the Chambers, found in the differentiation process initiated by Veneto, Lombardy and Emilia, intends to investigate the need to give the Parliament a central role in the approval process of the so-called negotiated autonomy law in order to ensure the safeguarding of national unity and carry out an in-depth analysis of the possible impacts on the essential levels of services, concerning civil and social rights that must be ensured throughout the national territory. In the same way, this paper will try to highlight the opportunity of an “implementing” law of the constitutional provision, pursuant to which to set, in a timely manner, principles and criteria to be enforced by the Regions that intend to start the process of differentiation but also, and above all, regulate a hypothetical phase of monitoring and, in exceptional cases, of reallocation, at the state level, of functions and resources previously devolved.

“Non basta dire intesa”. Ragionando sul principio di leale collaborazione fra Stato e Regioni nella prospettiva del regionalismo differenziato

di Claudia Bianca Ceffa

 L’articolo si propone di evidenziare un profilo, ancora poco esplorato, di inadeguatezza del richiamo dell’art. 8, comma 3, Cost. in relazione alla procedimentalizzazione  dell’approvazione legislativa dell’intesa fra Stato e Regioni, necessaria ai fini dell’attuazione del regionalismo differenziato. Tale disposizione porta, infatti, con sé il bagaglio della relativa giurisprudenza costituzionale che ha constatato la natura politica, quindi insindacabile, della decisione del Governo di avviare il confronto ai fini del raggiungimento di un’intesa con le confessioni acattoliche. Quest’ultima, invece, nell’ambito del regionalismo differenziato, dovrebbe inserirsi nel diverso assetto che ispira il Titolo V Cost., all’interno del quale i rapporti tra Stato e Regioni sono connotati dal principio di leale collaborazione.

“Agreement it’s not enough”. Reasoning about the principle of loyal collaboration between the State and the Regions in the perspective of differentiated regionalism

by Claudia Bianca Ceffa

 Abstract (eng): The article aims to highlight a profile, still unexplored, of the inadequacy of the reference to art. 8, paragraph 3, of the Constitution in relation to the proceduralization of the legislative approval of the agreement between the State and the Regions, necessary for the implementation of differentiated regionalism. This provision, in fact, brings with it the baggage of the related constitutional jurisprudence, which has established the political nature, therefore unquestionable, of the Government’s decision to start discussions in order to reach an agreement with non-Catholic confessions. The latter, on the other hand, in the context of differentiated regionalism should fit into the different structure that inspires Title V of the Constitution, within which the relations between the State and the Regions are characterized by the principle of loyal collaboration.

Note sulla dimensione amministrativa del regionalismo differenziato

di Giuseppe Carlo Ricciardi

 L’articolo prende in considerazione la dimensione amministrativo-funzionale sottesa al regionalismo differenziato. La riflessione sulle funzioni conduce a conseguenze rilevanti sia rispetto alle istituzioni del governo locale, sia in ordine al trasferimento delle risorse umane e finanziarie correlate all’esercizio delle funzioni. Sul tema occorre un ripensamento alla luce dell’argomento decisivo legato alla co-essenzialità tra i concetti di autonomia e differenziazione, avente riflessi anche sull’organizzazione delle amministrazioni accolta nella nostra Costituzione.

Remarks on the administrative dimension of differentiated regionalism

by Giuseppe Carlo Ricciardi

 The article takes into account the administrative and functional dimension of the differentiated regionalism. The functional-centred vision leads to relevant implications with respect to the local government institutions and the deployment of human and financial resources related to the exercise of the administrative tasks. On this topic it is necessary a rethinking in the light of the decisive argument linked to the co-essentiality between the concepts of autonomy and differentiation, having repercussions also on the organization of administrations accepted in our Constitution.

Autonomia regionale differenziata: un’occasione per ripensare l’area vasta

di Matteo Pressi

Lo scritto analizza il tipo di relazione esistente fra la procedura di attribuzione alle Regioni di “forme ulteriori di autonomia” ai sensi dell’art. 116 c. 3 Cost. e l’attuale struttura istituzionale di Enti di area vasta. In particolare, l’articolo mostra, analizzando gli aspetti particolarmente critici, che Province e Città metropolinane, come riformate dalla “riforma Delrio” non possono sostenere gli effetti che il regionalismo differenziato è destinato a produrre sugli Enti di area vasta.

Differentiated regional autonomy: an opportunity to rethink the vast-area

by Matteo Pressi

This paper aims to highlight the relationship existing between the procedure of attribution to the Regions of «further forms and particular conditions of autonomy», pursuant to art. 116, paragraph 3, of the Constitution, and the current institutional structure of vast-area entities. In particular, the article intends to underline how, to date, the structure of the Provinces and Metropolitan Cities, as defined by the “Delrio reform”, is unsuitable for sustaining the repercussions that differentiated regionalism is destined to produce on vast-area entities, outlining the particularly critical issues.

Note minime sulla disciplina della Regione siciliana sul procedimento amministrativo

di Gaetano Armao

 L’Autore descrive la recente riforma della disciplina regionale siciliana sul procedimento amministrativo muovendo da una ricostruzione degli spazi di autonomia normativa della Regione alla luce della giurisprudenza costituzionale, dandone una valutazione largamente positiva.

Some remarks on norms enacted by the Sicilian Region on administrative procedure

by Gaetano Armao

The Author describes the reform of regional law on administrative procedure enacted in Sicily approaching the topic from the perspective of the “spaces” of normative  authonomy  given to the Region. To this extent it is taken into account the Constitutional Court case law. The Author givese a positive evaluation  of the reform.

L'articolo Nuove Autonomie 3-2020 proviene da Nuove Autonomie.

INDICE
DOTTRINA

Salvatore Raimondi – Opportunità e contraddizioni dell’autonomia siciliana – 209
Stefano Agosta – Il recente riordino delle autonomie locali siciliane alla prova dei fatti: fra nodi ancora da sciogliere ed un’auspicabile inversione del metodo riformatore per il futuro – 219
Bruno Di Giacomo Russo – La legge n. 56/2014 e i diversi tipi di provincia – 233
Daniela Belvedere – La tutela precauzionale dell’ambiente e il ruolo della giurisprudenza nel riconoscimento del rischio da fattori inquinanti – 259
Simona Polimeni – Un imprevedibile circuito virtuoso: disciplina sull’immigration regime ed esigenze di sviluppo locale (Notarella a margine della L. reg. calabrese n. 18/2009) – 271

Abstracts

The Special Autonomy of the Sicilian Region: Opportunities and Contradictions

of Salvatore Raimondi

In 1946 the Sicilian Statute was an authentic masterpiece, however today it looks more like a piece of legal archeology. The paper, in particular, illustrates the emptying of the regional legislative competences. Agriculture is, since a long time, regulated by the European Union. Industry is an emptied competence because the industrial policy requires funds that are nowadays unavailable; moreover the companies tend to move to countries where labor costs are lower. Trade falls within the scope of competition, and it is therefore subtracted from the regional competence. The legislative powers have also been reduced by the case law of the Constitutional Court. Furthermore the author stigmatize the mentality of regional public officials, whose main concern, when dealing with instances of economic operators, is to avoid responsibility. The constitutional reform under discussion in Parliament envisages an obligation to adapt the Statute to the new structure. The author states that the special autonomy should be preserved because it provides advantages in tax matters.

Local Sicilian self-government reform in action: open questions and reformer method coming reversal

of Stefano Agosta

Most important matters set by Sicilian law (no. 8/2014 and 15/2015) after Sicilian Districts cancellation are five: so, in particular, government’s levels, lands borders, administrative functions, provincial workers, provincial tax and outgoings different distribution. A first and short examination shows that new Sicilian law does not satisfy Sicilian citizenship suffered request of regional administration modernization, spending review and economic resources rationalization. So a best legal rule specially make a method inversion to shorten distance between local needs and their satisfaction.

Law N. 56/2014 and the different types of province

of Bruno Di Giacomo Russo

Law n. 56/2014, first of all defines the Province as a Body that plays the roles of a vast area and, secondly, introduces a functional and legislative differentiation between the Province and the adjoining mountain Province. These differenciations are justified by the different features of the territory where they rise up and the different needs they have to fulfill. What is new about Law “Delrio” is the specific mountain  regime of Provinces adjoining with foreign countries, in order to create a system of governance of the mountain. With Judgement n. 50/2015 the Constitutional Court rejects the various matters of constitutionality relating to law n. 56/2014. The Constitutional Court states that the second level model is not illegitimate in itself, thus it needs the support of its jurisprudence. 63  L’intento è quello di ovviare alla proliferazione di Enti, con ambito di area vasta, anche se non coincidenti di norma con territori provinciali e con funzioni di area vasta e in quanto tali astrattamente riconducibili all’Ente allora direttamente rappresentativo, costituzionalmente chiamato ad accogliere, e destinato a ricevere, quelle funzioni, come ad esempio avviene negli ambiti dei servizi dei rifiuti o delle acque.

La legge n. 56/2014 e i diversi tipi di Provincia 257

The role of the Provinces, however, needs to be contextualized within the constitutional framework, considering the intent of modifying it. In judgement n. 50/2015, the Judge of the Constitutional Court reminds that the approval of a draft law for the abolition of Provinces is currently taking place. The aim is to abolish Provinces and deliberately delete any reference to the provincial Body from the Constitution, concluding that Law 56/2014 will serve as a temporary measure in anticipation of the final abolition of the Body. The abolition from the Constitution of any reference to the Province is not to be considered its  very abolition. The fact that the bill refers to the abolition of Provinces is not itself a sufficient element to state that the deconstitutionalisation will mean an institution ban by the Legislator. Provinces will survive their own removal, while losing their representative nature and becoming fully available for the regional Legislator, in terms of functions, organization and territorial linkage.

The precautionary protection of the environment and the role of jurisprudence in recognition of the risk from polluting factors

of Daniela Belvedere

The growing interest on environmental protection finds a symptomatic index in the precautionary principle. The use of this principle, justified by scientific uncertainty concerning the causal link, put in evidence the peculiarities of the relationship between science and law. Such relationship affects not only on the level of legislative choices, but also to work on the application of the jurisprudence. In the first direction, the central issue is the evaluation of the translation in normative terms of the precautionary principle,while in the second, are relevant the reasonableness control of the precautionary choices and the possible use direct In particular, the analysis of administrative jurisprudence allows identification of the mode of implementation of environmental protection through a broad interpretation of the precautionary principle and to assess the obligation resulting from this principle, in an attempt to avoid the latter being used to justify measures inhibitor of a particular business or a particular evolutionary process.

L'articolo Nuove Autonomie 2-2015 proviene da Nuove Autonomie.

INDICE
DOTTRINA

Ines D’argenio – El acceso a la justicia administrativa por “retardaciòn” – 5
Guido Corso – Le regioni a statuto speciale nel progetto di riforma costituzionale – 35
Salvatore Raimondi – La disciplina urbanistica nella regione siciliana, tra normativa regionale e normativa statale – 53
Mario R. Spasiano – Riflessioni in tema di trasparenza anche alla luce del diritto di accesso civico – 63
Felice Blando – Fine dell’atto politico? – 81
Flavio Guella – 9ariazioni della pressione fiscale da parte dello stato e conservazione del gettito tributario destinato agli enti territoriali. Le tutele per l’autonomia avverso aumenti del prelievo riservati al centro o riduzioni delle imposte non compensate – 97
Abiano Di Prima – Le trattative per le Intese con le Confessioni religiose, tra politica e diritto (osservazioni a margine dell’ordinanza n. 40 del 2015 della Corte costituzionale) – 131
JOsep Ramon Fuentes I Gasó Y Marina Rodríguez Beas – La incidencia de la reforma del régime local en la organización territorial de Cataluña – 155

GIURISPRUDENZA

Michele Russo – Dal valore di un illecito alla legalità come valore. Nuovi approdi giurisprudenziali in tema di occupazione acquisitiva – 187

Abstracts

L’ACCESSO ALLA TUTELA AVVERSO IL SILENZIO DELLA PUBBLICA AMMINISTRAZIONE

di Ines D’Argenio

Il silenzio amministrativo costituisce un fattore patologico, di negazione della stessa ragion d’essere dell’amministrazione. Il cittadino non può restare in balia del mancato esercizio del potere amministrativo. In questa prospettiva, lo scritto analizza l’evoluzione del silenzio nell’ambito della disciplina normativa in Argentina e l’esigenza di un’adeguata considerazione delle conseguenze che esso è in grado di generare.

CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM AND REGIONS WITH A SPECIAL STATUTE

by Guido Corso

The paper describes the history of the five regions with a special statute, born more than two decades before the ordinary regions, explaining the reasons of a continuous reduction of their prerogative. The main argument is the following. By opposing the claims of regions (ordinary and special) towards the State, the Constitutional Court has emphasized the State exclusive competences, delimiting the scope of the legislative matters reserved to the special regions by their own statutes. This trend is stressed by the project of constitutional reform which parliament is now discussing.

URBAN LAW IN SICILY BETWEEN NATIONAL AND REGIONAL LEGISLATION

by Salvatore Raimondi

The author, after having recalled the scope of the exclusive competence of the Sicilian Region on urban planning legislation, enshrined in article 14 of the Regional Statute, describes the limitations of that competence introduced by the case law of the Constitutional Court. Sicily has never made a comprehensive use of its competence, but it issued several laws, two of which are particularly significant: the regional law 71 of 1978 and the regional law 37 of 1985. The first operates a static reference to the State Law 10 of 1977, while the second set a dynamic reference to the State Law 47 of 1985. Therefore it is not easy to understand which provisions of the Consolidation Bill 380 of 2001 apply in Sicily. It would be desirable a reorganization of the Sicilian legislation on the subject.

CONSIDERATIONS ON TRANSPARENCY PRINCIPLE EVEN IN LIGHT OF THE CIVIC RIGHT TO ACCESS

by Mario R. Spasiano

Transparency principle has long since been considered a general criterion of the administration activity, but its rationale and implementation do not appear univocal. The traditional view finds its expression in the citizen’s right of access ex l.n. 241/1990, from the one hand, and in the duty of publicity which falls on public authorities, on the other hand. Both aspects aim at empowering citizens to understand public decision procedures, even in order to participate, and find clear limits in fundamental rights, such as the right of privacy. Meanwhile, the recent introduction of the Civic right of access seems to present a different (although compatible) concept of transparency, intended as a complete accessibility to the information concerning administration organization and activity, viewing in the transparency an instrument not of awareness and participation, but of citizens diffuse control.

IS THE “ATTO POLITICO” AT ITS END?

by Felice Blando

The institution of “atto politico” is well known – with different meanings – in several contemporary juridical system. The best notion of “atto politico” is as follows:“an act justified by the necessity of preserving the very existence of the State”. The Italian legislator, also after the passing of the Constitution, has remained loyal to the idea of excluding the area of “atti politici” adopted by the Government from the judicial scrutiny. The “Consiglio di Stato”, instead, has widened its check over the so called “atti politici”. This essay aims at proving that the crisis of the “atto politico” notion is due both to the present weakness and crisis of the politics itself and to a new inevitable tendency of the Italian juridical system. Its objective is to show that only a new approach which returns the politics the constitutional importance it deserves can give back the “atto politico” its traditional dignity.

CHANGES IN THE TAX BURDEN PROVIDED BY THE STATE AND CONSERVATION OF THE TAX REVENUE ALLOCATED TO LOCAL AUTHORITIES

SAFEGUARDS FOR THE TERRITORIAL AUTONOMIES AGAINST THE LEVY INCREASES RESERVED TO THE CENTRAL STATE OR AGAINST NOT–COMPENSATED TAX REDUCTIONS

by Flavio Guella

The article analyzes how the sovereign decisions on taxation can imply consequences to the regional and local government expenditure capacity, and which kind of protection for the quantity of local resources the legal system can provide for. The existence of a principle of proportional correlation between territorial resources and territorial competences in the Italian Constitution, so as in many other national systems and in the international standards, is translated in a principle of “compensation” of the national tax reductions, if such reduction affects the local expenditure (so that the changes in the tax burden provided by the State have to be harmonized with the conservation of the level of revenue allocated to local authorities). Such a safeguard for the territorial fiscal autonomy can be both realized against a levy increase reserved to the central State so as against a not–compensated tax reduction; in particular, even if sometimes the national legislator already provides with general clauses that compensate the reduction of regional and local taxes with new resources, in other cases – on the contrary – the quantity of resources is not preserved by the Parliament itself and the judicial review is not able to adequately settle such situations. The analysis of the case law, indeed, shows the existence of a restrictive approach in the constitutional adjudication of the decisions concerning the allocation of resources, founded on a overestimation of the burden of proof at the regional level and on a reductive use of the proportionality test.

THE NEGOTIATIONS FOR THE AGREEMENTS (INTESE) WITH THE RELIGIOUS CONFESSIONS, BETWEEEN POLITICS AND LAW (MARGINAL REMARKS ON CONSTITUTIONAL COURT, ORDER N. 40/2015)

by Fabiano Di Prima

Among the jurists is found the idea that the current “fibrillations” between politics and justice are similar to those that have characterised the Italian landscape of the 90’s, since they – yesterday like today – are generated by the same system’s thorny problems, and, signally, by the crisis of politics, that has a negative influence on the quality (irrationality) and quantity (excessive or insufficient) of the law produced by the Legislator. Appears paradigmatic in this latter sense the “clash” Executive vs Judiciary recently recorded in the field of the negotiations State/Churches in view of the Agreements (Intese), culminating in a “conflict of allocation of powers” (raised by the Government towards the Cassazione) declared admissible by the Consulta with the order n. 40/2015. The essay highlights the crucial incidence that the absence of key legal lines plays on the origins of the conflict upstream, which has led, on the one hand, to the affirmation of a governance praxis in the area with all the signs of the full freedom of decision-making of the Executive; and, on the other hand, to the occurrence – over time – of a jurisprudence unwilling to the domination of this praxis and ready to use the figure of the constitutional legality in lieu of the legal one, spotting a governance area jurisdictionally reviewable, for the protection of the collective religious interests protected by the Charta. In analysing the main points of the conflictual matter, the essay cultivates the hypothesis that – paradoxi-cally – the exact sentence (of the Consiglio di Stato) that has originated such matter, contained a considered solution likely to partially satisfy, but with tolerable sacrifices, the two opposing instances in question, configuring under the applicants groups, rather than a right to the opening of negotiations (that overflows the negotiating sphere), a right to a full investigation (that remains outside the actual negotiations).

L’INCIDENZA DELLA RIFORMA DEL REGIME LOCALE SULL’ORGANIZZAZIONE TERRITORIALE DELLA CATALOGNA

di Josep Ramon Fuentes i Gasó y Marina Rodríguez Beas

Questo testo, dopo aver presentato una descrizione sommaria del sistema istituzionale di organizzazione territoriale della Catalogna fissato dallo Statuto del 2006, analizza l’ impatto della riforma del governo locale spagnolo gestito dalla Legge 27/2013, di razionalizzazione e sostenibilità dell’Administrazione locale. Questa riforma è un altro tentativo, ma in sommo grado, di ricentralizzazione da parte dello Stato; precisamente in un momento in cui la transizione statale della Catalogna è discussa, in una Spagna in una profonda crisi politica e istituzionale

FROM THE VALUE OF A TORT TO LEGALITY AS A VALUE. NEW JURISPRUDENTIAL APPROACHES DEALING WITH “ACQUISITIVE OCCUPATION”

by Michele Russo

This article has been inspired by the will to research and analyse the administrative profiles and peculiarities of the Italian jurisprudential institute of “acquisitive occupation”, first introduced in our judicial system by the Supreme Court judgement n. 1464/1983. Starting with the analysis of the institute’s historical evolution, the article follows focusing on the compatibility between Constitution and the principles whose it is based on. The key question of the EDU Convention’s influence on our internal judicial system is deeply discussed, since it has been the cause of years of Supreme Court conflicting judgements. The Supreme Court judgement n. 735/2015 writes the final chapter of the story: the unlawfulness of the expropriation proceeding and the irreversible transformation of the private area doesn’t let the Administration gain its property, even in presence of a public utility declaration. The private citizen can ask for restitution in addition to the compensatory damages for the area’s utility loss. Final considerations deserve recognition to the value of the forward–looking Supreme Court’s work on the arduous research of a rightful balance between public and individual interests.

L'articolo Nuove Autonomie 1-2015 proviene da Nuove Autonomie.

INDICE
DOTTRINA

FABIO MERUSI – Le modalità ordinarie di gestione dei servizi pubblici locali – 307

INES D’ARGENIO – La ideología estatal del interes general en el derecho administrativo – 319

ALFREDO CONTIERI – MARIA IMMORDINO – Corte dei conti ed enti locali: controllo sulla gestione e vigilanza – 369

ROBERTA LOMBARDI – La candidatura dei paesaggi vitivinicoli del basso Piemonte a “territorio patrimonio dell’Umanità”: brevi note a margine della tutela dei paesaggi rurali – 389

SIMONE PAJNO – Il fallimento dell’esperienza della specialità siciliana e le condizioni della sua prosecuzione – 399

ALDO SCHIAVELLO – La “svolta convenzionalista” del positivismo giuridico contemporaneo: una breve ricostruzione critica – 415

SALVATORE DI GREGORIO – Il fondo di solidarietà nazionale dal 1947 ad oggi. Aspetti finanziari e giuridici – 435

ANNA SVEVA MANCUSO – Alcune considerazioni sulle intese stipulate il 4 aprile 2007 in attuazione dell’art. 8.3 della Costituzione e sulla loro mancata approvazione – 461

MARCO EVOLA – La Carta blu UE: una versione aggiornata della politi ca del migrante Gastarbaiter – 491

PAOLO GARRAFFA – “Gli ‘stewards’ degli stadi, nuovi addetti alla sicurezza e all’ordine pubblico: pubblici ufficiali, incaricati di pubblico servizio, o soggetti esercenti un servizio di pubblica necessità?” – 517

AGATA ANNA GENNA -Il ricongiungimento familiare tra disciplina dei flussi migratori e tutela del diritto all’unità familiare: alcune riflessioni sui profili problematici e sulle prospettive alla luce della giurisprudenza comunitaria e costituzionale – 539

SANTI DELIA – In house e servizi pubblici locali: breve storia della capitolazione di un modello – 571

GIURISPRUDENZA

CONSIGLIO DI GIUSTIZIA AMMINISTRATIVA PER LA REGIONE SICILIANA – Sez. Giur. Decisione 30 marzo 2009, n. 219 con nota di SALVATORE RAIMONDI, Una sorprendente decisione del C.G.A. in materia di orari della segreteria e termini di deposito delle memorie, composizione del collegio giudicante nei giudizi per revocazione, e assorbimento di eccezioni processuali – 593

C.G.A. REGIONE SICILIA 07.10.2008 n. 842con nota di IVANA VASSALLO, L’art. 43 del T.U. sull’espropriazione:
un tentativo di interpretazione costituzionalmente orientata – 605

AMMINISTRAZIONE LOCALE

GIANCARLO MINALDI – La riforma amministrativa dei governi locali: “grande trasformazione” o gattopardesco maquillage? – 621
STEFANO VILLAMENA – Le ordinanze di «ordinaria amministrazione» del Sindaco – 637

OSSERVATORIO PARLAMENTARE REGIONALE – 677

SALVATORE DI GREGORIO – La competenza della Regione siciliana nella disciplina dei tributi erariali – 745

RASSEGNE

Rassegna della giurisprudenza del Consiglio di Stato
Speciale in tema di responsabilità civile della Pubblica amministrazione: l’elemento soggettivo
di SALVATORE DETTORI – 767

Rassegna della giurisprudenza del Consiglio di Giustizia amministrativa per la Regione Sicilia
di PAOLA SAVONA – 785

Rassegna della giurisprudenza dei Tribunali amministrativi regionali
Speciale in tema di responsabilità civile della Pubblica amministrazione: l’elemento soggettivo
di SARA FORASASSI – 797

Abstract

THE NOMINATION OF THE VINYARD LANDSCAPE OF SOUTHWESTERN PIEMONTE AS “TERRITORY OF WORLD HERITAGE”: SHORT NOTES ON THE PROTECTION OF RURAL LANDSCAPE
by Roberta Lombardi

The nomination from UNESCO of the Piemonte vinyards landscape as “territory of world heritage”, is the starting point of this article. From there, the article moves to more general considerations on the notion of “landscape” and the juridic implications of its protection, with particular focus on the issue of the defense and development of rurallandscape.

THE FAILURE OF SPECIAL REGIONALISM
by Simone Pajno

The aim of this essay is to briefly deal with the role of the category of regions usually called “Regioni Speciali”. In section 2 I study the reasons at the ground of “special regionalism”. Section 3 describes the most important features of the “real life” of the Regioni speciali, and of Regione siciliana in particular. This kind of Regions never enjoyed the special treatment one could infer from the constitutional text. Section 4 will hold the importance of fiscal federalism. In section 5 I attempt to offer a comprehensive reading of the shape that l. cost. 3/2001 gave to the Italian system. The main idea is that the constitutional reform determined the fall of the State’s superiority. The key-words I use to explain this point of view are “pluralismo istituzionale paritario” (that can be translated as “equal institutional pluralism”) and “sussidiarietà” (subsidiarity). Of course, subsidiarity is a well-known concept in political and legal studies. The thesis I try to draw is that in this context the role of the “statute speciali” is significantly different from before. They now have to offer the tools to make the democracy in “Regioni speciali” more profound. They have not to be used to build boundaries between the general legal order and the regional one.

CONTEMPORARY LEGAL POSITIVISM’S “CONVENTIONALIST TURN”: A CRITICAL OUTLINE
by Aldo Schiavello

The target of this paper is to analyze legal positivism’s conventionalist turn with regard to the topic of legal obligation and legal normativity. The conclusions aims to shed light on some deep limits of this kind of legal positivism. In short, conventionalism has two options, both of them unsatisfying. The first one – chosen, among others, by Herbert Hart – proposes a “weak” version of conventionalism; this strategy is losing in so far as does not allow to distinguish legal obligation from moral obligation. The second option – sketched out by authors like Chaim Gans and Gerald Postema – supports a “strong” version of conventionalism which offers a coherent model of legal obligation but at cost of misrepresenting the law.

THE NATIONAL SOLIDARITY FOUND: FISCAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS
by Salvatore Di Gregorio

The contribution that the State, yearly, is obliged to pay to the Sicilian region, as National Solidarity, disciplined by the article 38 of the Sicilian Statute is finalized to balance the difference of income between the Sicily and the national average.The essay outlines a synthesis, about more of 60 years of application of the institute of the “National Solidarity”, in Sicilian Region, examining financial and juridical aspects.Under the financial profile, are dealt the aspects related to the different levels of assigned resources and to the typology of the activated interventions. Under the juridical profile, are dealt the application aspects in relationship to the sentences of the Constitutional Court, but, above all, the possible developments of the institute with the achievement of the fiscal federalism in Italy.The essay specifically draws a general picture of the national normative that, subsequently, have disciplined the assignments of the funds to Sicily, as National Solidarity, from 1952 up to the 2007 financial law; it also examines the aspects of the State power to set limits to the use of the funds. A particular chapter is dedicated to the methods of employment of the resources, of which are analyzed the priorities, the criterions and the sectors of action. It is also, specifically, analyzed, the jurisprudence of the constitutional Court on the matter and the useful remarks, in subject, from the “Brancasi Commission” on the financial contentious between the State and the Sicilian Region. The analysis examines, besides, the relationship between the application of the article 38 of the Sicilian Statute and the reform of the title V of the Italian Constitution, comparing the constitutional discipline (particularly the article 119) and the statutory discipline. Finally the work dedicates a specific reflections to the connections between the sicilian institute of National Solidarity
and the theme on fiscal incentives and the public aids, in E.U.

SOME CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE AGREEMENTS STIPULATED ON 4 APRIL 2007 CARRIED OUT BY ART.8.3 OF THE CONSTITUTION AND ABOUT THEIR NON-APPROVAL
by Anna Sveva Mancuso

A radical change of the composition of the population from a religious point of view emerged in the last twenty years of the twentieth century in Italy together with the late unsettled realization of the instrument of agreements with the non-catholic denominations provided by art. 8.3 of the Constitution. We must reflect about continuing to go along with the path traced by the constituents or find other solutions to answer the even more insistent requests made by the large number of religious groups in the country, which are still subject to the obsolete provisions of 1929-1930. The agreements stipulated by Prodi’s Government on April 2007 and their failure made evident by the fact that after two years, six of these are still waiting to be presented to Parliament by the Government for approval, show what it is that went wrong and what should be done to modernize the relations between the State and the religious minorities respecting the principles of equal freedom, present in the 3° subsection of art.8 Cost., which should be the main rule of Italian ecclesiastic law.

THE EU BLUE CARD: AN UPDATED POLICY OF THE MIGRANT GUEST-WORKER
by Marco Evola

The Council adopted the Directive 2009/50 on the conditions of entry and residence of third-country highly skilled workers on the 25th May 2009. The Directive’s main purpose is setting up a procedure capable of responding promptly to fluctuating demands for migrant labour in the labour market. The achievement of this aim entails an high degree of harmonization in order to reduce the differences between national systems of recruitment and enhance the European internal market attractiveness as a whole, but the Directive does not achieve its goal because of the room left to States’ discretionary power and the way workers’ rights have been shaped. In fact the Directive is intended to control migration rather than to lure highly skilled workers, so that EU Blue Card holders represent a new figure of the migrant guest-workers.

“STEWARDS OF THE STADIUM, NEW EMPLOYEES TO SECURITY AND PUBLIC ORDER: THE PUBLIC OFFICIAL, PUBLIC SERVICE OR RESPONSIBLE FOR CONDUCTING A SERVICE OF PUBLIC NEED?”
by Paolo Garraffa

The paper is concerned to analyze, even critically, the discipline on the “stewards” of the stadiums. Starting with a brief historical reconstruction of the legislation on safety of sandblasting sports (which has since been recognized the need to resort to figures of this kind), it proceeds to reconstruct the stages on the evolution that has seen legislation introduced this figure into Italian. In the absence of their precise legal classification in the Italian law system, it tries to give an answer on that issue.

THE FAMILY REUNION BETWEEN MIGRATORY FLOWS AND PROTECTION OF FAMILY UNITY RIGHT
by Agata Anna Genna

This paper deals with the concept of right to family reunion, deriving from the case law of European Court of Justice and Italian Constitutional Court. First of all the relationship between the right to family reunion and migrants’ rights is analyzed. Then the right to family reunion is considered as it flows from EC Directive 2003/86/CE and, consequently, from the execution norms adopted by Italian Parliament. Afterwards the influence of EC law on the national legislation on family rights is examined. The conclusion is about the importance of guaranteing the free circulation of “family loves” bearing in mind the importance of the European integration and considering, on the other hand, the public order requirements.

IN HOUSE AND LOCAL COMMUNITY SERVICE: BRIEF STORY OF A MODEL CAPITOLATION
by Santi Delia

The Author briefly goes over the story of community service model management and the normative and jurisprudencial arrangements followed from the beginning of 1900: from Giolitti Law of 1903, to regulations scheme of wich at President of Republic Decree on the 26th of February 2009 provided by 23 bis article of decree n. 112/08, passed, with alteration, by the 6th of August 2008 n. 113 Law. The heart of the analysis is the dichotomy, always admitted by community and national jurisprudencial, between the choice of civil service for community service autoproduction and their outsourcing through the appeal of the market. The legislative evolution analysis showes as the present set-up, defined with the introduction of the 23 bis article of decree n. 112/08, brings to a drastic reduction of the effective choice possibility of Civil Service among the several management models admitted till now, forcing to choose for the so-called outsourching: the implementation of 23 bis article, in consideration of corroboration gained by local authority involved to accede to in house on Guarantor Authority of Competion and Market side, showes a real unworkability of the chose of services autoproduction on civil law side.

L'articolo Nuove Autonomie 2-3 2009 proviene da Nuove Autonomie.