Abstract

Il tema dell’indipendenza giudiziaria è strettamente connesso al principio del rule of law e all’evoluzione del ruolo dei giudici sia a livello nazionale sia a livello europeo. Scopo del presente lavoro è di fornire degli spunti di riflessione sul contributo della giurisprudenza delle Corti sovranazionali europee in merito all’indipendenza giudiziaria con particolare riferimento all’indipendenza dei Consigli di Giustizia, analizzando anche i criteri elaborati dal Consiglio consultivo dei giudici europei con riguardo all’indipendenza di tali organi.

Some Remarks on the Judiciary Independence in the European Context 

This article aims to provide some reflections on the links between judiciary independence, the rule of law, and the role of judges both national and European. It aims to show how the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights have developed criteria to ensure the independence of judges, analyzing them. Moreover, it examines the criteria that have been developed by the European courts and by the opinions of the Consultative Council of European Judges about the independence of the Judiciary Councils.

L'articolo Alcune riflessioni sull’indipendenza giudiziaria nel contesto europeo proviene da Nuove Autonomie.

1. Con la decisione del 12/01/20221, il Consiglio di Giustizia Amministrativa della Regione siciliana si è pronunciato sull’ordinanza del Tar regionale di rigetto della domanda cautelare presentata dalla parte ricorrente in primo grado, avente ad oggetto l’annullamento, previa sospensione, del provvedimento del Gabinetto del Rettore dell’Università degli Studi di Palermo, che confermava per i tirocinanti in area medica/sanitaria la prosecuzione dell’attività in presenza all’interno delle strutture sanitarie, a seguito della somministrazione vaccinale anti Covid-19.

Dopo avere accertato la sussistenza dell’obbligo vaccinale per l’appellante, riconducendolo all’interno della categoria di coloro che, ai sensi dell’art. 4 del dl n. 44 del 2021, esercitano le professioni sanitarie e che svolgono la loro attività nelle strutture sanitarie, socio-sanitarie e socio-assistenziali, pubbliche e private, nelle farmacie, parafarmacie e negli studi professionali, il giudice amministrativo ha esaminato le questioni di costituzionalità della normativa in materia di obbligo vaccinale Sars-Cov-2, sollevate dall’appellante. In particolare, il CGA2 , sottolineando elementi di diversità e novità nelle questioni sollevate rispetto a quelle già decise dal Consiglio di Stato3 , ha considerato rilevante accertare le legittimità costituzionale dell’obbligo vaccinale e ha disposto un’istruttoria per approfondire i profili della non manifesta infondatezza delle questioni, in ordine alla conformità dell’obbligo vaccinale alle condizioni dettate dalla Corte costituzionale in materia di libertà di autodeterminazione sanitaria dei cittadini in ambito vaccinale, ossia sulla «non nocività dell’inoculazione per il singolo paziente e beneficio per la salute pubblica»4 . L’istruttoria è affidata ad un collegio esterno composto, su indicazione del giudice amministrativo, dal Segretario generale del Ministero della Salute, dal Presidente del Consiglio Superiore della Sanità operante presso il Ministero della Salute e dal Direttore della Direzione generale di prevenzione sanitaria ed è stato convocato per il 16/3/20225. Il CGA, in particolare, si è soffermato sul quadro giurisprudenziale in materia di obbligo vaccinale, richiamando la decisione del Consiglio di Stato n.7045/2021 che ha ritenuto legittimo l’obbligo vaccinale contro il virus SarsCov-2 per il personale sanitario, rilevando l’efficacia del vaccino, la prevalenza di effetti positivi derivante dalla politica vaccinale rispetto ai rischi sui singoli individui, in applicazione del principio costituzionale di solidarietà su cui si fonda il nostro ordinamento.

L'articolo Obblighi vaccinali e limiti in prospettiva comparata. Riflessioni a margine di una recente decisione del Consiglio di Giustizia Amministrativa della Regione siciliana proviene da Nuove Autonomie.

Abstracts

THE ACTION FOR THE DECLARATION OF NULLITY OF AN ADMINISTRATIVE ACT

by Enrico Follieri

Having highlighted that in administrative law procedure, as in current procedural law, the principle of the atypical nature of the right of action is based on the need to protect subjective legal situations, it is argued that the Code of administrative law procedure has had to take into consideration (also) typical actions both because the Code governs disputes where one of the parties is an institutional power and it is therefore necessary to define the judge’s decisional powers in respect of the executive, and also because in substantive law subjective rights exist but no lawful interests. The action for the declaration of nullity of an administrative act may be brought before an ordinary judge or before and administrative law judge, except in the case of exclusive jurisdiction, and the discipline before the two judges is presented analytically, emphasizing the typical nature of the action before the administrative law judge and outlining the differentiated rules of nullity for terms of impugnment depending on the parties involved in the process. As a result, doubts of constitutionality have been raised in relation to the parameters of due process (article 111 of the Constitution), and it is argued that the other features of the nullity of an administrative act reflect the absolute nullity established in the Civil Code for contracts.

THE RIGHT TO MARRIAGE AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL IDEA OF “FAMILY”

by Antonio Ruggeri

The first aim of the paper is to highlight how the constitutional model of family is able to emerge not only from the text of the Italian Constitution, but also from the provisions provided by other (external) Charters of fundamental rights, like the European Charter of fundamental rights and the European Convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. The paper goes on in the attempt to demonstrate that our Constitution is not neutral or silent with regard to the choice of a particular definition or model of family. By contrast, a careful reading of the relevant provisions of our Constitution shows how the latter endorses a specific cultural model of family confirmed by a very ancient tradition (which has been recalled by the Constitutional Court itself, in the well-known decision n. 138/2010). Tradition, the above mentioned one, not only characterized by a stable relationship between two persons of different sex, but also founded on the marriage’s institution. The paper then analyses some contradictions in the relevant case law of the European Court of human rights, in particular those decisions in which, on the one hand, the Strasbourg judges make reference to the national legislation in order to identify the characteristic of “family” and, on the other hand, recognize also to the same sex relationship the right to a “familiar and private life”. It is also criticized the recent decision n. 4184 of 2012 of the Court of Cassation (the highest judicial authority) in which the Italian judges have manipulated the case law of the European Court of human rights, by declaring that the latter would have said that the task to define the nature of family would have been left directly and exclusively to the national legislation, whereas, as it has been anticipated, the above said definition is first of all connected to the provision of Italian Constitution. Finally, the paper underlines as the above mentioned interpretative approach, shared also by a part of the scholarship, seems able, as final result, to deprive the Constitution of its prescriptive value towards the legislative power, because the latter would be the exclusive authority competent to define what should be meant by the term “family”.

DUE PROCESS IN THE LAGELY AND GLOBAL ORDER: INTRODUCTORY REMARKS ON THE STRATEGIES OF JUSTIFICATION ABOUT THE PRINCIPLE

by Alberto Zito

The paper analyzes the different meanings of the due process applied to administrative proceedings, demonstrating that the guarantee of participation is its most relevant profile. Furthermore it examines the studies in which the relevance of this principle in global decisional processes is analyzed. It proposes a reconstruction meant to demonstrate how the participative principle, as a result of the equal dignity among individuals, can constitute an element for (democratically) legitimating public decisions.

CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES ABOUT SICILIAN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT LAW

by Marco Mazzamuto

Before of EU regulations and competition principles, it is today more and more difficult to justify a persistent role of Regions in legislative power beyond the competence of the State. In public procurement Italian Constitutional Court has progressively reduced such role for the benefit of the state legislative power, also with regard to Regions, such as Sicily, which enjoy “special” autonomy. Regions are trying to counter this trend, persisting in the approval of regional laws which differ in certain respects from the state law, often just to safeguard local interests opposing free market or just to reaffirm the importance of regional public authorities even in the absence of a genuine public interest justifying different rules.

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN THE BRAZILIAN LEGAL ORDER

by Raquel Dias da Silveira

This paper reflects a summary of the main aspects of environmental law and environmental protection in Brazil, based on an analysis of art. 225 of the Constitution, which incorporated the principles of the Stockholm Declaration and the Declaration of Rio de Janeiro. Analyzing the protection administrative, civil and criminal environment, the study focuses on discussions around the new Forest Code pending in Congress. The proposed new Code provides for the suspension and fines amnesty from deforestation in areas of permanent preservation of rural land for purposes of social interest (eg agriculture and livestock), through the Programme for the Environment. In addition to the Programme for the Environment, other changes in Brazilian legislation are seen as a setback for environmentalists. The controversial bill before Congress, if approved, depends, however, the presidential approval.

THE SOCIAL RIGHTS OF NON-CITIZENS: HEALTH, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE AND EDUCATION

by Giuseppe Chiara

Starting from the examination of the regulations on immigration, the essay describes the latest developments of constitutional case law with reference to the recognition of some important social rights to not citizens. Particular attention is paid to the study both of the variety of the parameters used un judging constitutional legitimacy, with significant openings to the principles of the CEDU, and to the argumentations developed starting from the text of the new Title V of the Constitution to involve the intergovernment bodies in the determination of the social policy intended for not citizens too.

SOME REMARKS UPON THE LEGISLATIVE POWER IN LABOUR LAW BETWEEN STATE AND SICILIAN REGION

by Luciana De Grazia

The article investigates which consequences had the reform of Title V, second part of the Italian Constitution, on the legislative power allocation between State and Sicilian Region in labour law matter, with a particular regard to the recent development of the case law of the constitutional Court.

L'articolo Nuove Autonomie 1-2012 proviene da Nuove Autonomie.

INDICE
DOTTRINA

Domenico Siclari – Riflessioni sulla tutela dell’identità culturale del “circo” alla luce dell’animal welfare – 415
Marco Tiberii – L’uso degli strumenti elettronici specifici (building information modeling) nei contratti pubblici – 429
Luciana De Grazia – Oltre la democrazia rappresentativa? Sovranità popolare e referendum nell’esperienza britannica, spagnola e francese – 455
Edoardo Giardino – Beni paesaggistici, interessi sensibili ed omologazione del regime giuridico – 481
Roberto Leonardi – L’edilizia di culto tra libertà religiosa e tutela del territorio: il caso Lombardia – 509
Carla Negri – L’abrogazione della protezione umanitaria nella legge n. 132 del 2018 e il diritto di asilo costituzionale – 537
Francesco Siciliano – La procedura di riequilibrio finanziario pluriennale dell’ente comunale ed il problema della ‘coperta troppo corta’: tra “costituzionalizzazione” della crisi da indebitamento ed inadeguatezza del nuovo modello di amministrazione “contabile” – 571
Luca Di Salvatore – Un’introduzione allo studio delle reti di imprese come modello di sviluppo per le aree interne – 621
Giulia Torta – L’iniziativa “Capitali Europee della Cultura”: aspetti sostanziali e profili critici – 645

NOTE E COMMENTI

Fulvia Passananti – La Corte costituzionale torna sul riparto di competenze fra Stato e Regione in materia di vaccinazioni obbligatorie. Osservazioni a margine della sentenza n. 137 del 2019 – 681

Abstract
Reflections on protection of the cultural identity of the circus in the light of the animal welfare
by Domenico Siclari

This paper analyzes the contribution of the multi-level system for the protection of animals. In realizing a condition of well-being for animals, one focuses, especially, on the contributions of European law, where it provides in the determination of this spectacular typology that belongs to the common cultural heritage. And in which the use of animals becomes an identifying element of the same and therefore to be protected.

The use of specific electronic tools (building information modeling) in public contracts
by Marco Tiberii

The aim of the study is to analyse the influence of new electronic means and the possibilities arising from their use in the context of public contracts. In particular, the paper focuses on building information modeling, a new technology at the service of the construction sector. Through the analysis of the Italian legislation, we understand the spaces of compulsory and optional use of the same, as well as the problems that arise in the context of public contracts, from the design phase to the executive phase.

Beyond Representative Democracy? Popular Sovereignty and Referendum in the United Kingdom, in Spain, and in France
by Luciana De Grazia

In this paper the author elaborates on reflections about the role of the referendum in the British legal system, well-known to be characterized by a representative democracy, with the intent to examine the evolution of this institute. It is also a comparative study which examines the effects of the consultative referendum in the Spanish legal system and the characteristics and the effects of the legislative referendum in the French legal system in order to identify the analogies and the differences among these referendum.

Landscaped assets, sensitive interests and omologation of the legal regime
by Edoardo Giardino

The protection of landscaping has been the subject of legislative reforms in the light of social changes. This protection must be ensured through a proper weighting of the many interests that are opposed. The legislature considered it necessary to approve the discipline of sensitive interests, including the environment and the landscape, in order to empower and simplify administrative action. In particular, the legislature changed the discipline of the services conference and provided for art. 17 encore of Act 241 of 1990 (Silence between public administrations and between public administrations and operators of public goods or services), which, in contrast to the assent silence governed by art. 20 of Act 241 of 1990, applies “even to cases where the acquisition of absentees, concerts or anything but named of administrations responsible for environmental, landscape-territorial protection, cultural heritage and the health of the citizens, for the adoption of regulatory and administrative measures that are the responsibility of public administrations. The application of silence also to ‘sensitive’ interests does not, in fact, lead to a weakening of their safeguards, but improves the way they are protected.

The building of worship between religious freedom and protection of the territory: the Lombardy case
by Roberto Leonardi

The theme of the localization of places of worship has acquired over time a growing relevance also from the legal point of view, accompanied by a complexity of its discipline, as demonstrated by the copious administrative and constitutional jurisprudence that has formed on the subject. Certainly the theme, and also from this its complexity, substantially affects the rights of equality, the protection of the different ideological, cultural and religious identities of individuals and groups, guaranteed by the Constitution that with art. 8 introduced in our legal system the idea of pluralism, intended to guarantee the different religious identities, while, at the same time, the art. 19 of the Constitution has sanctioned the right to profess one’s faith freely and to exercise the cult in public or in private. The availability of buildings and places of worship to be used for the celebration of rites is, therefore, a necessary element to effectively ensure not only the individual, but also the communities of practitioners the free exercise of their creed. At the same time, the discipline for the construction of these buildings, in the exercise of the competences on the government of the territory, is a task to which the administration cannot escape with the criticali-ties that we will try to highlight by referring, for the cheapness of the research, only to the Lombard regional discipline.

The repeal of humanitarian protection in law 132/2018 and the constitutional right to asylum
by Carla Negri

The article analyzes the humanitarian protection news contained in the law 132/2018. The changes introduced pose some interpretive problems on the temporal effects of the repeal of humanitarian protection and their impact on the right to asylum under article 10.3 of the Italian Constitution. The paper focuses, in particular, on the relationship between humanitarian protection and the right to asylum, highlighting the need for the intervention of the Italian Constitutional Court, in order to participate in the construction of a common European right of asylum.

About the italian ‘short blanket’ syndrome in the application of rebalancingfinancial rules by the competent municipal authority: from the economic crisis in the Constitution to the ‘accounting’ administrative model’s inadequacy
by Francesco Siciliano

The work is about the contradiction between the italian Constitutional reform in the 2012 – introducing the principle of balanced budget, as a necessary effort to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of public administration against the economic crisis – and the research of the optimum legal solution to reinforce the commitment to finally reduce the hugly public debt, as it was accumulated over a long time ago. In this way, the ‘short blanket’ syndrome depicts, by the author, the evidence of an ‘accounting’ administrative model’s inadequacy in Italy at municipal’s governance level, where, nowadays, the pubblic administration is not really able to satisfy cityzens’ fundamental needs or credits, because of the duty of setting aside money to rebalance pubblic debt. The result is a silent struggle between the restrictings rules of european legislative framework, transposed in italian Constitution and in its implementig laws to remove public debt and an Italian framework, apparently in compliance with overnational rules, but actually derogatory in order to application of rebalancing rules by the competent municipal autorithies (artt. 243-bis e 243-quater, T.U.E.L), with the aim to find much pubblic money to satisfy citizen’s needs and rights by extending timeline to write off public debt. So the ‘short blanket’ syndrome is increasingly checked by Italian Constitutional Court and Court of Auditors, also taking care of potential damages for future generations.In this way, legal uncertainty groves up day by day and, over all, the administrative model doesn’t receive any benefit or any definitive solution, that could be found, by the author, only at european and state governance levels.

An introduction to the study of business networks as a development model for internal areas
by Luca Di Salvatore

The essay aims at investigating if business networks and, in particular, the network contract, may constitute an effective business cooperation pattern for the regeneration of “territorial capital” present in internal areas. The analysis of the issues related to internal areas and of the main characteristics of business networks shows that the reticular entrepreneurial cooperation can contribute to the development of those territories, that are characterized by conditions of infrastructural and socio-economic disadvantage, but are also endowed with resources and natural and human capital, in which depopulation and abandonment of traditional small business are registered.

The European Capitals of Culture initiative: substantive aspects and critical profiles
by Giulia Torta

The paper analyzes the substantial aspects and critical profiles of the “European Capitals of Culture” initiative, examining the theme of promoting culture at European level and the problems connected with the management and organization of the event-year at national level. The reflection on the theme is developed through an analytical path that postulates the assimilation of the “European Capitals of Culture” initiative to the “Major Events” [legislation]. Noting the absence of a discipline, the paper attempts to highlight the pros and cons associated with the introduction into the Italian regulatory system of any special discipline on the subject, intended to offset a European and national regulatory landscape that is severely lacking

Mandatory vaccinations: The Constitutional Court deliberates on State vs Regions responsibilities. Remarks concerning decision no. 137/2019
by Fulvia Passananti

This study analyzes the issues underlying Decision no. 137/2019 of the Constitutional Court.

L'articolo Nuove Autonomie 3-2019 proviene da Nuove Autonomie.